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EC-COUNCIL Certified Encryption Specialist Sample Questions (Q161-Q166):

NEW QUESTION # 161
What is the basis for the difficulty in breaking RSA?

• A. Equations that describe an elliptic curve
• B. Hashing
• C. Factoring numbers
• D. The birthday paradox

Answer: C

Explanation:
Factoring numbers
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSA_(cryptosystem)
RSA (Rivest-Shamir-Adleman) is a public-key cryptosystem that is widely used for secure data transmission. It is also one of the oldest. The acronym RSA comes from the surnames of Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir, and Leonard Adleman, who publicly described the algorithm in 1977. An equivalent system was developed secretly, in 1973 at GCHQ (the British signals intelligence agency), by the English mathematician Clifford Cocks. That system was declassified in 1997.
In a public-key cryptosystem, the encryption key is public and distinct from the decryption key, which is kept secret (private). An RSA user creates and publishes a public key based on two large prime numbers, along with an auxiliary value. The prime numbers are kept secret. Messages can be encrypted by anyone, via the public key, but can only be decoded by someone who knows the prime numbers.

NEW QUESTION # 162
Which one of the following are characteristics of a hash function? (Choose two)

• A. One-way
• B. Fixed length output
• C. Symmetric
• D. Requires a key
• E. Fast

Answer: A,B

Explanation:
Correct answers: One-way, Fixed length output
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic_hash_function
A cryptographic hash function is a mathematical algorithm that maps data of arbitrary size (often called the "message") to a bit array of a fixed size (the "hash value", "hash", or "message digest"). It is a one-way function, that is, a function which is practically infeasible to invert.
Incorrect answers:
Symmetric. Cryptographic algorithms can be categorized into three classes: Hash functions, Symmetric and Asymmetric algorithms. Differences: purpose and main fields of application.
Requires a key. Well, technically, this is the correct answer. But in the hash-function, "key" is input data.
Fast. Fast or slow is a subjective characteristic, there are many different algorithms, and here it is impossible to say this unambiguously like "Symmetric encryption is generally faster than asymmetric encryption."

NEW QUESTION # 163
Nicholas is working at a bank in Germany. He is looking at German standards for pseudo random number generators. He wants a good PRNG for generating symmetric keys. The German Federal Office for Information Security (BSI) has established four criteria for quality of random number generators. Which ones can be used for cryptography?

• A. K5
• B. K3
• C. K4
• D. K2
• E. K1

Answer: B,C

Explanation:
K3 and K4
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudorandom_number_generator
The German Federal Office for Information Security (Bundesamt fur Sicherheit in der Informationstechnik, BSI) has established four criteria for quality of deterministic random number generators.They are summarized here:
K1 - There should be a high probability that generated sequences of random numbers are different from each other.
K2 - A sequence of numbers is indistinguishable from "truly random" numbers according to specified statistical tests. The tests are the monobit test (equal numbers of ones and zeros in the sequence), poker test (a special instance of the chi-squared test), runs test (counts the frequency of runs of various lengths), longruns test (checks whether there exists any run of length 34 or greater in 20 000 bits of the sequence)-both from BSI and NIST, and the autocorrelation test. In essence, these requirements are a test of how well a bit sequence: has zeros and ones equally often; after a sequence of n zeros (or ones), the next bit a one (or zero) with probability one-half; and any selected subsequence contains no information about the next element(s) in the sequence.
K3 - It should be impossible for an attacker (for all practical purposes) to calculate, or otherwise guess, from any given subsequence, any previous or future values in the sequence, nor any inner state of the generator.
K4 - It should be impossible, for all practical purposes, for an attacker to calculate, or guess from an inner state of the generator, any previous numbers in the sequence or any previous inner generator states.
For cryptographic applications, only generators meeting the K3 or K4 standards are acceptable.

NEW QUESTION # 164
Numbers that have no factors in common with another.

• A. Mersenne Primes
• B. Co-prime numbers
• C. Fibonacci Numbers
• D. Even Numbers

Answer: B

Explanation:
Correct answers: Co-prime numbers
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coprime_integers
Two integers a and b are said to be relatively prime, mutually prime, or coprime if the only positive integer (factor) that evenly divides both of them is 1. Consequently, any prime number that divides one of a or b does not divide the other. This is equivalent to their greatest common divisor (gcd) being 1.
The numerator and denominator of a reduced fraction are coprime. The numbers 14 and 25 are coprime, since 1 is their only common divisor. On the other hand, 14 and 21 are not coprime, because they are both divisible by 7.
Incorrect answers:
Even Numbers - A formal definition of an even number is that it is an integer of the form n = 2k, where k is an integer; it can then be shown that an odd number is an integer of the form n = 2k + 1 (or alternately, 2k - 1). It is important to realize that the above definition of parity applies only to integer numbers, hence it cannot be applied to numbers like 1/2 or 4.201. See the section "Higher mathematics" below for some extensions of the notion of parity to a larger class of "numbers" or in other more general settings.
Fibonacci Numbers - commonly denoted F_n, form a sequence, called the Fibonacci sequence, such that each number is the sum of the two preceding ones, starting from 0 and 1.
Mersenne Primes - is a prime number that is one less than a power of two. That is, it is a prime number of the form M_n = 2

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